Cannabis Glossary

The potent metabolite created when the liver processes eaten THC. 11-hydroxy-THC crosses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently than THC itself, which is why edibles produce stronger, longer-lasting effects.

The most abundant endocannabinoid. Full agonist at CB1 and CB2. Involved in immune regulation, pain, appetite, and neuroprotection. Degraded by the enzyme MAGL.

IRS code prohibiting cannabis businesses from deducting normal business expenses. Results in effective tax rates of 50-80%. Major financial burden on legal operators.

The most recognized number in cannabis culture. Originated in 1971 with five students in San Rafael, CA who met at 4:20 PM. April 20th is the unofficial cannabis holiday worldwide.

A rechargeable battery with the standard 510-thread connection for vape cartridges. Variable voltage settings (2.0-4.0V) allow temperature control. Lower voltage preserves terpenes.

"710" is "OIL" upside down. July 10th is concentrate culture's holiday, similar to how 4/20 is the general cannabis holiday.

Adding an acetyl group to a molecule. THC-O-Acetate is produced by acetylating THC. Creates a prodrug that must be metabolized to become active, producing delayed, potent effects.

Growing cannabis with roots suspended in air, periodically misted with nutrient solution. Maximum oxygenation and growth speed. Used commercially and in NASA research. Requires redundant pumps and timers.

A compound that activates a receptor. THC is a partial agonist of CB1 receptors. Full agonists (like some synthetic cannabinoids) produce stronger effects and carry more risk.

Colombian × Mexican × Thai × Afghani. Despite the aggressive name, known for its mellow, balanced effects. 13-20% THC. Won multiple Cannabis Cups. Bred by Serious Seeds.

A compound that binds to a receptor at a different site than the primary binding location, changing the receptor's response. CBD acts as a negative allosteric modulator of CB1, potentially reducing THC's effects.

Haze derivative with multiple genetics. Named for its potent cerebral effects. 22-25% THC. The dominant strain in Amsterdam coffeeshops. Bred by Soma Seeds.

A substance that relieves pain. Cannabis has analgesic properties through multiple mechanisms: CB1 receptor activation, anti-inflammatory effects, and modulation of pain signaling pathways.

An endocannabinoid that binds to CB1 receptors. Named from Sanskrit "ananda" (bliss). Involved in mood, pain, appetite. Rapidly broken down by FAAH enzyme.

Companies supporting the cannabis industry without directly touching the plant — packaging, technology, consulting, real estate, security, compliance, marketing. Not subject to 280E.

A compound that blocks a receptor. THCV at low doses acts as a CB1 antagonist. The drug rimonabant was a CB1 antagonist used for weight loss but withdrawn due to psychiatric side effects.

A substance that prevents nausea and vomiting. THC is an effective anti-emetic, which is why Marinol/dronabinol is FDA-approved for chemotherapy-induced nausea.

Properties that reduce inflammation. Multiple cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, CBC) and terpenes (caryophyllene, humulene) demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects through CB2, TRPV1, and other pathways.

Properties that prevent seizures. CBD's anticonvulsant effects led to Epidiolex's FDA approval. The mechanism involves modulation of calcium channels and GPR55 receptors.

A substance that reduces anxiety. CBD, linalool, and low-dose THC have anxiolytic properties. High-dose THC can be anxiogenic (anxiety-producing), demonstrating the biphasic effect.

The growing tip at the very top of the main stem. Produces auxin hormones that suppress side branch growth (apical dominance). Removing it through topping redirects growth.

THC activates CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus, releasing ghrelin (hunger hormone) and enhancing smell/taste. Medically useful for cachexia, anorexia, and chemotherapy side effects.

The competitive scoring system used in limited-license states to award cannabis licenses. Criteria include business plan, security, community impact, diversity, and financial capacity.

A glass attachment between the bowl and bong that catches ash and provides extra filtration. Keeps the main bong cleaner. Available with or without percolators.

Cannabis with ruderalis genetics that flowers based on age (3-4 weeks) rather than light cycle. Completes full lifecycle in 8-12 weeks regardless of light schedule.

Crossing an offspring back to one of its parents to reinforce desired traits. BX1 = first backcross, BX2 = second, etc. Used to stabilize specific characteristics from one parent.

A bucket-shaped quartz attachment for a dab rig. Heated with a torch, then concentrate is placed inside to vaporize. Quartz provides clean flavor. Available in various styles (flat-top, opaque, thermochromic).

Cannabis extract produced using butane as a solvent. The most common commercial extraction method. Requires proper purging to remove residual butane. Produces shatter, wax, sauce, and more.

The percentage of a substance that reaches systemic circulation. Smoking/vaping: 10-35% bioavailability. Edibles: 4-20%. Sublingual: 12-35%. Topical: negligible systemic absorption.

The phenomenon where cannabis produces opposite effects at different doses. Low doses of THC tend to reduce anxiety; high doses can increase it. Applies to many cannabinoid effects.

A gentle, floral terpene with a sweet chamomile scent. Known for skin-soothing and anti-irritant properties. Used widely in cosmetics. Found in chamomile, sage, and certain cannabis strains.

A selective membrane that controls what enters the brain from the bloodstream. THC and 11-hydroxy-THC cross the BBB readily. CBD crosses less efficiently. BBB permeability affects onset and intensity.

Blueberry × Haze. The best-selling strain in US dispensaries for years. Sweet berry, balanced hybrid. 17-24% THC. Approachable for beginners, versatile effects.

Highland Thai × Purple Thai × Afghan. DJ Short's masterpiece (1980s). The first strain bred specifically for a fruit flavor. Berry aroma. 18-24% THC.

Ground cannabis wrapped in a tobacco leaf or tobacco-free wrap. Larger than joints (1-2g), slower-burning. Traditional wraps add nicotine to the experience.

A water-filtration device for smoking cannabis. Water cools smoke and filters some particulates. Available in glass, silicone, ceramic, and acrylic. Produces smoother hits than dry pipes.

In cannabis culture, an informal term meaning either rectal administration of cannabis (medical context) or low-quality cannabis (slang). Context determines the meaning.

A minty, camphor-like terpene used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Natural insect repellent. Studied for enhanced absorption of other compounds, potentially improving bioavailability of cannabinoids.

Terpenes sourced from non-cannabis plants (fruits, herbs, flowers). Chemically identical to cannabis terpenes. Used to flavor vape products and edibles at lower cost than cannabis-derived terpenes.

The small, leaf-like structure that encloses the calyx. Often confused with the calyx itself. Bracts are densely covered in glandular trichomes and contain the highest cannabinoid concentrations.

An extract processed to remove THC while retaining other cannabinoids and terpenes. Middle ground between full spectrum and isolate.

OG Kush phenotype (possibly × Afghani). Heavy sedation, coffee/chocolate/earth flavor. 15-22% THC. The classic evening indica. Named for its creator, Bubba.

Hash made by agitating cannabis in ice water. Trichomes freeze, break off, and are collected through progressively finer mesh bags (25-220 microns). Graded by melt quality (1-6 stars).

A handheld pipe with a water chamber for filtration. Combines the portability of a pipe with the water filtration of a bong. Produces smoother hits than dry pipes.

Botrytis cinerea fungal infection that attacks dense cannabis buds from the inside. Appears as gray-brown rot. Caused by high humidity, poor airflow, and dense bud structure. Must be removed immediately.

A dispensary employee who assists customers with product selection. Knowledge requirements vary widely. Some states require training or certification. The front line of cannabis retail.

Severe weight loss and muscle wasting associated with chronic illness (cancer, AIDS, COPD). THC's appetite-stimulating properties (via CB1 in the hypothalamus) are used to combat cachexia.

A supplement providing calcium and magnesium, two nutrients commonly deficient in cannabis grown with RO water, coco coir, or LED lights. Deficiency symptoms: brown spots, interveinal yellowing.

The small, teardrop-shaped structures that make up cannabis buds. Each calyx can house a seed if pollinated. Calyxes are covered in trichomes and contain the highest cannabinoid concentrations.

A pungent terpene with a musky, earthy aroma often mistaken for myrcene. Found in camphor, cypress, and valerian. Preclinical research suggests potential for cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol and triglycerides.

Someone interested in trying cannabis for the first time or returning after a long absence. A growing demographic driving demand for low-dose products, education, and welcoming dispensary experiences.

The raw, unheated form of cannabinoids as they exist in the living plant. THCa, CBDa, CBGa, and CBCa are the primary cannabinoid acids. They convert to their neutral (active) forms through decarboxylation.

The metabolic pathway producing cannabinoids in the plant. Starts with olivetolic acid + geranyl diphosphate → CBGa → enzyme-specific conversion to THCa, CBDa, or CBCa.

The proportion of different cannabinoids in a product, typically expressed as THC:CBD. Common ratios include 1:1 (balanced), 20:1 (THC-dominant), and 1:20 (CBD-dominant). Ratio strongly influences the effect profile.

Proteins on cell surfaces that cannabinoids bind to, triggering cellular responses. CB1 receptors are concentrated in the brain; CB2 in the immune system. Other receptors (GPR55, TRPV1) also interact with cannabinoids.

The medical use of cannabinoids (plant-derived, synthetic, or endocannabinoid modulators) to treat specific conditions. Encompasses prescribed medications (Epidiolex) and medical cannabis programs.

Drinks infused with cannabis, typically using nano-emulsion technology for faster onset (10-20 min). A rapidly growing category including seltzers, teas, coffees, and non-alcoholic spirits.

Pre-dosed gelatin or vegetable capsules containing cannabis oil. Provides precise, consistent dosing without taste. Onset and duration similar to edibles (30-120 min onset, 4-8 hours).

Cooking oil (typically coconut or olive) infused with decarboxylated cannabis. Used as a base for homemade edibles. THC is fat-soluble, so oil is an effective extraction medium.

Originally the High Times Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam (first held 1988). Now multiple regional events where cannabis products are judged competitively. Winning entries gain prestige and sales boosts.

A condition in heavy, long-term cannabis users causing cyclical severe nausea and vomiting. Hot showers provide temporary relief. Cessation is the only definitive treatment.

The state-level government body responsible for licensing, regulating, and enforcing cannabis laws. Names vary: Cannabis Control Commission (MA), Office of Cannabis Management (NY), etc.

Companies that own and lease real estate to cannabis operators. Examples: Innovative Industrial Properties (IIPR). Provide capital to cannabis companies that can't access traditional financing.

A members-only organization for collective cannabis cultivation and distribution. Legal model in some European countries (Spain, Malta). Members contribute to costs and receive a share of the harvest.

A trained cannabis expert who can identify strains, terpene profiles, and recommend pairings. Certification programs exist (Trichome Institute). The cannabis equivalent of a wine sommelier.

Travel specifically to visit legal cannabis markets. Amsterdam, Denver, Bangkok, and other destinations attract visitors for dispensary visits, farm tours, and consumption experiences.

DSM-5 diagnosis for problematic cannabis use causing significant impairment. Criteria include tolerance, withdrawal, failed quit attempts, and continued use despite problems. Affects ~9% of users.

Symptoms occurring after cessation of heavy use: irritability, insomnia, appetite loss, anxiety, depression. Peaks 2-6 days after stopping, resolves within 2-3 weeks. Not life-threatening.

Terpenes extracted specifically from cannabis plants. Considered superior to botanical terpenes because they include the full spectrum of cannabis-specific terpene ratios. More expensive to produce.

Butter infused with decarboxylated cannabis. The most common base for homemade edibles. Made by simmering cannabis in butter with water for 2-4 hours, then straining.

A flavonoid found exclusively in cannabis. Research suggests it may be up to 30x more effective than aspirin as an anti-inflammatory agent. Part of the broader entourage of active compounds in whole-plant products.

The total area of flowering cannabis in a cultivation operation, measured in square feet. License tiers are often based on maximum canopy. A key metric for production capacity.

A lid placed over a banger during dabbing to restrict airflow and lower the boiling point of concentrates. Essential for low-temperature dabs, allowing full vaporization without burning.

An activated carbon air filter used with an inline fan to scrub cannabis odor from grow room exhaust. Essential for stealth growing. Replace every 12-18 months or when odor breaks through.

A person authorized to purchase, possess, and sometimes cultivate cannabis on behalf of a qualified medical patient. Often a family member or close relation.

Spicy, peppery terpene that uniquely binds to CB2 receptors — the only terpene that directly interacts with the endocannabinoid system. Anti-inflammatory properties. Also found in black pepper and cloves.

When a bowl or joint is completely consumed, with only ash remaining. "The bowl is cashed" = time to repack. Etiquette: don't pass a cashed bowl.

The process where CB1 receptors decrease in number and sensitivity with chronic cannabis use. The primary mechanism of tolerance. Begins reversing within 48 hours of abstinence.

Cannabinoid receptors concentrated in the brain and CNS. THC's primary target. Responsible for psychoactive effects, pain modulation, appetite, memory. Most abundant GPCR in the brain.

Cannabinoid receptors in the immune system, peripheral tissues, and GI tract. Involved in immune regulation and inflammation. CBD and CBG interact with CB2 more than CB1.

A non-psychoactive cannabinoid with anti-inflammatory and antidepressant properties in preclinical studies. Acts primarily through TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors rather than cannabinoid receptors.

The second most abundant cannabinoid. Non-intoxicating. CBD has anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and anticonvulsant properties. FDA-approved as Epidiolex for epilepsy.

The acidic precursor to CBD found in raw cannabis. Converts to CBD when heated. Emerging research suggests CBDa may have anti-nausea and anti-inflammatory properties of its own.

The enzyme that converts CBGa into CBDa. Plants that express more CBDa synthase produce CBD-rich chemotypes. Mutually exclusive with THCa synthase in most strains.

A propyl homolog of CBD with a shorter side chain. Being studied for autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Non-intoxicating. Found in higher concentrations in indica landrace strains.

A metabolite of CBD formed during metabolism. Found in both the plant and as a human metabolite of CBD. Pharmacological significance is not yet understood.

The biosynthetic precursor to all other cannabinoids — CBGa is converted into THCa, CBDa, and CBCa by specific enzymes. Non-intoxicating with promising anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective research.

The "grandmother" cannabinoid. All other cannabinoid acids (THCa, CBDa, CBCa) are enzymatically derived from CBGa. The starting point of the entire cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway.

A minor cannabinoid formed by the degradation of CBC through light exposure. One of the least studied cannabinoids. Non-psychoactive with unknown therapeutic potential.

A mildly psychoactive cannabinoid formed when THC degrades through oxidation. Marketed as a sleep aid, though clinical evidence for standalone sedative effects is limited. Found in aged cannabis.

A fully aromatized cannabinoid related to CBN. Found in very small quantities in aged cannabis. Minimal research exists on its effects or therapeutic potential.

A rare minor cannabinoid found in trace amounts. Structurally related to THC with an additional hydroxyl group. Limited research available on its pharmacological properties.

Legendary bag seed from a Grateful Dead concert (1991). Chemical/fuel aroma. 20-25% THC. Progenitor of both OG Kush and Sour Diesel lineages.

A chemical classification based on cannabinoid ratios. Type I: THC-dominant. Type II: balanced THC:CBD. Type III: CBD-dominant. Type IV: CBG-dominant. Type V: cannabinoid-absent.

The burning ember at the tip of a lit joint, blunt, or bowl. "Don't drop the cherry" = be careful with the lit end. A well-maintained cherry burns evenly without relighting.

A laboratory technique for separating mixtures. HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) is the standard for cannabis potency testing. Separates and quantifies individual cannabinoids.

Smoking cannabis in an enclosed space (car, small room) to fill it with smoke. The secondhand exposure intensifies the experience. Associated with social consumption.

A theory proposed by Dr. Ethan Russo suggesting that conditions like migraines, fibromyalgia, and IBS may share an underlying deficiency in endocannabinoid signaling.

A genetically identical cutting from a mother plant. Ensures consistent results across harvests. The method for preserving elite genetics like OG Kush for decades.

A professional extraction system where the solvent is contained and recycled in a sealed circuit. Required for legal hydrocarbon extraction. Prevents solvent release and explosion risk.

Extract produced using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent. Produces a clean, terpene-rich oil. CO2 is non-toxic and evaporates completely. Common in vape cartridges.

A lab report showing cannabinoid potency, terpene content, and contaminant testing. The only reliable way to verify product quality.

A growing medium made from coconut husks. Inert, pH neutral, with excellent drainage and aeration. Used in hydroponic and soilless setups. Requires frequent fertigation and calcium/magnesium supplementation.

Direct costs of producing cannabis — labor, materials, utilities, rent. Under 280E, cannabis businesses can deduct COGs but not operating expenses, making COG classification critically important for tax optimization.

A cluster of buds growing tightly together at the top of a branch. The main cola (apical bud) forms at the plant's apex. Topping creates multiple colas for higher yields.

A 2013 DOJ memo establishing federal enforcement priorities, effectively deprioritizing prosecution of state-legal cannabis operations. Rescinded by AG Sessions in 2018, partially reinstated under Biden.

A solution of silver nanoparticles used to create feminized seeds by suppressing ethylene production in female plants, causing them to produce male pollen sacs with all-female (XX) genetics.

Programs allowing seriously ill patients to access cannabis for medical purposes. California's 1996 Compassionate Use Act was the first state medical cannabis law.

Adherence to all state and local cannabis regulations including licensing, testing, packaging, labeling, tracking, security, and reporting requirements. Non-compliance can result in fines or license revocation.

Any product made by extracting and concentrating cannabinoids from plant material. Includes shatter, wax, live resin, rosin, distillate, and more. Potency: 50-99% THC.

A portable electronic device for vaporizing cannabis concentrates. Uses a heated coil or ceramic chamber. Discreet and convenient. Not as efficient as a full dab rig.

A pre-shaped rolling paper in cone form that just needs to be filled and packed. Easier than hand-rolling. Available in various sizes from mini to party-size (multiple grams).

A licensed venue where cannabis can be consumed on-site. Legal in a few jurisdictions (Las Vegas, West Hollywood). Similar concept to a bar but for cannabis. Varies by local regulation.

The 1970 federal law that created the drug scheduling system. Placed cannabis in Schedule I. Signed by President Nixon. The primary legal framework for federal drug prohibition.

Dry mouth from THC binding to CB1 receptors in submandibular glands, reducing saliva production. One of the most common cannabis side effects.

The first pair of round, smooth leaves that emerge from a germinated seed. They contain stored nutrients for the seedling. Not true leaves — true leaves with serrated edges appear next.

Small-batch, artisanal cannabis grown with emphasis on quality over volume. Often hand-trimmed, sun-grown or boutique indoor. The cannabis equivalent of craft beer. Commands premium pricing.

A dry, crumbly concentrate that breaks apart easily. Made by purging BHO at lower temperatures for longer periods. Less terpene-rich than live resin but easy to handle.

A licensed cannabis growing operation. Tiers are based on canopy size. Micro-cultivators (small craft) to industrial cultivators (10,000+ sq ft). The foundation of the supply chain.

Slowly aging dried buds in sealed containers for 2-8 weeks. Breaks down chlorophyll, develops terpenes, and improves smoothness. Proper curing is essential for quality flower.

A family of liver enzymes that metabolize drugs, including cannabinoids. CBD inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, which can increase blood levels of medications metabolized by these enzymes.

A specialized water pipe designed for vaporizing cannabis concentrates. Similar to a bong but uses a heated "nail" or "banger" instead of a bowl. Available in glass, silicone, and electronic versions.

Vaporizing cannabis concentrates on a heated surface (quartz, titanium, or ceramic "nail"). Produces intense, immediate effects due to high cannabinoid concentration.

Slang for high-quality cannabis with strong aroma, dense trichomes, and potent effects. Originally described the pungent, moist smell of well-grown flower.

Removing a carboxyl group from cannabinoid acids (THCa → THC) through heat. Occurs during smoking/vaping. For edibles: oven at 240°F for 40 min.

Chemical removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from cannabinoid acids. THCa → THC + CO2. Occurs at ~220-240°F. Essential for activating psychoactive properties in edibles.

Reducing cannabis possession from a criminal offense to a civil infraction (fine, no jail). Does not legalize sales or cultivation. Many cities and states have decriminalized small amounts.

Strategic removal of fan leaves to improve light penetration and airflow within the canopy. Controversial — proponents claim higher yields; critics argue the plant needs those leaves for photosynthesis.

A licensed cannabis delivery operation. Legal in some states (CA, MA, NJ). Delivery vehicles must meet security requirements. Some delivery-only licenses exist without a physical storefront.

A minor THC isomer typically produced synthetically from CBD. Reported to have milder, more energizing effects than Delta-9. Not well studied; regulatory status is uncertain.

A positional isomer of Delta-9 THC with roughly 50-75% of its psychoactivity. Most commercial Delta-8 is synthesized from CBD via chemical conversion. Legal status varies by state.

Completely removing cannabis from the CSA scheduling system. Would effectively end federal prohibition. Different from rescheduling, which maintains cannabis as a controlled substance.

Pure THCa crystals that form naturally in terpene-rich concentrates. Can reach 99%+ THCa purity. Often sold in sauce for flavor. The purest natural form of THCa available.

Historically, $10 worth of cannabis (typically 1 gram). An artifact of the pre-legalization era when cannabis was sold in standard dollar amounts rather than by weight.

A licensed retail store selling cannabis products. Medical dispensaries serve patients with cards; recreational/adult-use dispensaries serve anyone 21+. The primary legal retail channel.

Highly refined cannabis oil (85-99% purity) via short-path distillation. Stripped of terpenes. The base for most vape cartridges and edibles. Terpenes often re-added afterward.

Terpenes made of four isoprene units (20 carbons). Less common in cannabis aromatic profiles. Includes phytol. Generally non-volatile and contribute less to aroma.

The total amount of photosynthetically active light delivered per day, measured in mol/m²/day. Calculated from PPFD × hours. Cannabis: 40-50 DLI in veg, 50-65 in flower.

Girl Scout Cookies × Face Off OG. Sweet, earthy, with lime and pine. 19-30% THC. Potent, sedating. Parent of Slurricane. Bred by Archive Seed Bank.

The tube that connects the bowl to the water chamber in a bong. Directs smoke underwater for filtration. Available in various lengths and styles (diffused tip for more bubbles).

When cannabis alters the effects of other medications. CBD inhibits CYP450 enzymes, potentially increasing blood levels of warfarin, clobazam, and certain statins. Always consult a physician.

A device that heats cannabis flower to vaporization temperature without combustion. Conduction (direct heat) or convection (hot air) heating. Examples: Storz & Bickel Mighty, PAX, Arizer.

Trichome heads separated from plant material by shaking or tumbling over fine mesh screens. A traditional, solventless method. Quality depends on screen micron size and technique.

Hanging harvested cannabis in a controlled environment (60°F, 60% RH) for 7-14 days. Reduces moisture from ~75% to 10-15%. Too fast = harsh; too slow = mold risk.

A small wooden or metal box with two compartments — one for ground cannabis, one for a one-hitter pipe. A discreet, portable consumption system popular before vaporizers.

South African landrace sativa. Sweet anise aroma, energetic effects. 15-20% THC. One of the few pure sativas still commercially grown. Parent of GSC.

A hydroponic method where roots are suspended directly in aerated, nutrient-rich water. Air stones provide oxygen. Produces fast vegetative growth. Requires dissolved oxygen monitoring.

An electronically heated nail for dabbing that maintains a precise temperature. Eliminates the need for a butane torch. Allows consistent low-temperature dabs for better flavor.

A measure of dissolved nutrients in water. Higher EC = more nutrients. Cannabis typically requires EC 0.8-1.4 in veg and 1.2-2.0 in flower. Measured with an EC/TDS meter.

Cannabis-infused food and beverages. THC is metabolized by the liver into 11-hydroxy-THC. Onset: 30 min to 2 hours. Duration: 4-8 hours. Standard dose: 5-10mg THC.

One-eighth of an ounce (3.5 grams). The most common retail purchase unit. Typically $25-60 in legal markets depending on quality and location.

The cannabis-growing region of Humboldt, Mendocino, and Trinity counties in Northern California. The historical heart of US cannabis cultivation, known for sun-grown, organic craft cannabis.

Cannabinoids naturally produced by the human body. The two primary endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG. They regulate homeostasis through the endocannabinoid system.

A biological system in all mammals: endocannabinoids, receptors (CB1, CB2), and enzymes. Regulates homeostasis across pain, mood, appetite, sleep, and immune function. Discovered in the 1990s.

The baseline level of endocannabinoid activity in the body. Influenced by genetics, diet, exercise, and stress. Low endocannabinoid tone may contribute to certain chronic conditions.

Research examining cannabis effects on the GI tract. Cannabis has shown potential for inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's, UC) through CB2-mediated reduction of intestinal inflammation.

The hypothesis that cannabis compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids) work synergistically to produce effects greater than any single compound alone. First proposed by Raphael Mechoulam in 1998.

The first (and only) FDA-approved cannabis-derived drug. Cannabidiol (CBD) oral solution for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. Approved 2018.

Cannabis extraction using food-grade ethanol (alcohol). Produces full-spectrum extracts. Used for RSO, tinctures, and as a base for further refinement into distillate.

A cooling, minty terpene dominant in eucalyptus. Strong anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator. One of the few terpenes that crosses the blood-brain barrier readily, potentially aiding cognitive function.

A tax applied at a specific point in the cannabis supply chain — typically at wholesale transfer or retail sale. Rates vary from 10% to 37% depending on the state. A major factor in consumer pricing.

The legal process of sealing or destroying prior cannabis conviction records. Many legalization laws include expungement provisions. Some states require individuals to apply; others offer automatic expungement.

The first-generation offspring of crossing two distinct, stable parent strains. F1 hybrids often show "hybrid vigor" (heterosis) with stronger growth. Seeds from F1s produce variable offspring.

The enzyme that breaks down anandamide. People with FAAH gene variants that reduce its activity tend to have higher anandamide levels, lower anxiety, and reduced pain sensitivity.

The large, iconic cannabis leaves with 5-11 pointed leaflets. Primary sites of photosynthesis. Contain minimal cannabinoids. Removed during trimming or defoliation.

The Agricultural Improvement Act that legalized hemp (cannabis with <0.3% Delta-9 THC by dry weight) federally. Sparked the CBD industry boom and created the legal framework for hemp cultivation.

Similar to RSO, a whole-plant extract made with ethanol. Contains the full spectrum of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other plant compounds. Typically consumed orally in capsules or syringes.

Seeds bred to produce only female plants. Created by stressing a female to produce pollen using colloidal silver or silver thiosulfate. The standard for flower production.

The combined delivery of water and dissolved nutrients (fertilizer + irrigation). Standard practice in hydroponic and coco coir growing. Allows precise control of nutrient concentration and pH.

"F**k I Missed" — pinching 75% of the new growth tip instead of cutting it completely. Creates 4+ new tops instead of 2. Less stressful than topping but less predictable.

The liver's initial processing of a substance before it reaches systemic circulation. When cannabis is eaten, THC undergoes first-pass metabolism, converting to the more potent 11-hydroxy-THC.

Plant pigments that contribute to color, flavor, and biological activity. Cannabis contains over 20 flavonoids including cannflavins (unique to cannabis), quercetin, and apigenin. Underresearched but potentially significant.

Dried, cured female cannabis inflorescence. The most traditional form. Consumed by smoking or vaporizing. Quality assessed by trichome density, aroma, and trim quality.

The reproductive phase triggered by 12/12 light cycle. Cannabis develops flowers (buds), trichomes, and cannabinoids. Duration: 7-12 weeks depending on genetics.

Watering with plain water for 1-2 weeks before harvest to remove nutrient buildup. Believed to produce cleaner flower. Scientific evidence is mixed but the practice remains widespread.

The highest quality grade of bubble hash that melts completely when heated, leaving no residue. Indicates nearly pure trichome heads with minimal plant contamination. Extremely rare and expensive.

An extract with the complete chemical profile of the source plant — all cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. In hemp: <0.3% THC.

Small black flies whose larvae feed on roots in overly moist soil. Adults are annoying but harmless; larvae damage roots. Control with beneficial nematodes, sticky traps, and allowing soil to dry between waterings.

Slang for cannabis with a strong fuel/diesel aroma, typically from the Chem/OG family. Also used generally to mean excellent quality. "This strain is gas" = very potent and flavorful.

A testing method that heats samples, which decarboxylates cannabinoids. Reports activated THC/CBD directly. Less common than HPLC for potency testing due to this conversion during analysis.

Sunset Sherbet × Thin Mint Cookies. Ice cream flavor with dense purple buds. 25-30% THC. One of the most popular strains of the 2020s.

Companies that breed and sell cannabis seeds or clones. Examples: Compound Genetics, Seed Junky, Archive Seeds. Genetics drive the entire industry — new strains command premium prices.

The complete genetic makeup of a cannabis plant. The genotype determines the range of possible phenotypes. Different environments can express different aspects of the same genotype.

Sweet, floral, rose-like terpene. Natural insect repellent. Found in geraniums, roses, and citronella. Neuroprotective properties in preclinical studies. Contributes to the sweet, fruity profile of some strains.

The process of a seed sprouting its taproot. Common methods: paper towel method, direct sow, water soak. Optimal conditions: 70-80°F, dark, moist. Takes 1-5 days.

See Gorilla Glue. Renamed to "GG4" and later "Original Glue" after trademark dispute with Gorilla Glue adhesive company.

OG Kush × Durban Poison. The strain that launched the dessert strain revolution. Sweet, doughy, fuel undertones. 25-28% THC. Bred by Cookie Fam/Berner circa 2010.

A reusable glass tube with a sliding mechanism that pushes ash out as you smoke. Holds 1-2g. No papers or wraps needed. Easy to clean but fragile.

Chemdawg × Girl Scout Cookies. Extreme garlic/mushroom aroma. 24-30% THC. One of the most pungent strains in existence. Bred by Mamiko Seeds.

Chem Sister × Sour Dubb × Chocolate Diesel. Named for resin gluing scissors shut. 25-30% THC. Multiple Cannabis Cup winner.

A receptor sometimes called "CB3." Activated by some cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid LPI. Involved in bone density, blood pressure, and potentially cancer cell proliferation.

Purple Urkle × Big Bud. The definitive purple strain. Grape candy flavor with heavy sedation. 20-25% THC. Bred by Ken Estes.

Mendocino Purps × Skunk #1 × Afghan. Deep purple with grape flavors. 18-23% THC. Gateway strain for the purple family. Bred by Apothecary Genetics.

A homemade smoking device using water pressure and gravity to force smoke into a chamber. Creates extremely dense, concentrated hits. Not recommended for beginners.

Consuming too much cannabis, resulting in nausea, anxiety, dizziness, and sweating. Not dangerous but extremely uncomfortable. Remedy: rest, hydrate, try black pepper (caryophyllene), and wait.

A device for breaking cannabis flower into uniform pieces for smoking or vaping. Most have a kief-catching bottom chamber. Available in 2-piece (basic), 3-piece (with kief screen), and 4-piece designs.

A portable, reflective-lined enclosure for indoor cannabis cultivation. Provides controlled environment with intake/exhaust ports. Sizes from 2×2' to 10×10'. Mylar lining maximizes light efficiency.

A sesquiterpene alcohol with a piney, woody aroma. Found in guaiacum and cypress pine. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. One of the few terpenes classified as a sesquiterpenoid alcohol rather than a hydrocarbon.

A half-ounce (14 grams) of cannabis. Often offers a price break compared to buying two separate eighths or quarters.

The time for half of a substance to be eliminated from the body. THC's half-life is 1-3 days for occasional users, up to 5-13 days for chronic users. THC metabolites can persist for weeks.

The optimal period for harvesting based on trichome maturity. Clear trichomes = premature; milky/cloudy = peak THC; amber = degrading to CBN (more sedating). Most growers aim for mostly milky with some amber.

Compressed trichome heads. The oldest cannabis concentrate, dating back thousands of years. Made through dry sifting or ice water extraction. Graded by melt quality (1-6 stars).

A social gathering or event focused on sharing and sampling hash and solventless concentrates. Community-oriented, often with multiple hash makers presenting their products for comparison.

Four-way cross: Colombian × Mexican × Thai × South Indian. Created by the Haze Brothers in Santa Cruz (1970s). Changed sativa genetics forever. 16+ week flowering.

A retail store selling cannabis accessories (pipes, papers, vaporizers) but not cannabis itself. The term dates to the 1960s counterculture. Products are legally sold as "tobacco accessories."

OG Kush × Sour Diesel — reuniting the two Chem lineages. Named for the pressure sensation around the forehead. 20-27% THC. Smooth, creamy diesel flavor.

Artistic, handmade glass pipes and bongs by recognized glass artists. Collectible and functional. Prices range from hundreds to tens of thousands of dollars. A subculture within cannabis culture.

Mandatory lab screening for lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury in cannabis products. Cannabis is a bioaccumulator — it absorbs heavy metals from soil. ICP-MS is the standard method.

A landrace strain that has been grown outside its native region but maintained without significant hybridization. Preserves heritage genetics while adapting to new environments.

A cannabis plant that develops both male and female reproductive structures. Caused by stress (light leaks, temperature extremes) or genetics. Seeds from hermaphrodites are often feminized.

A hydrogenated form of THC created by adding hydrogen atoms. More chemically stable than THC (longer shelf life). Psychoactive with effects similar to Delta-9 THC. Legal gray area.

Ancient landrace from the Hindu Kush mountains (Afghanistan/Pakistan). Dense, resinous. 15-20% THC. The genetic bedrock of modern indica cannabis.

The body's tendency to maintain internal stability. The endocannabinoid system is a key homeostatic regulator — it acts as a "dimmer switch" bringing overactive or underactive systems back to baseline.

A water pipe with long hoses traditionally used for smoking flavored tobacco. Can be used with cannabis flower or mixed with herbal blends. Social, multi-person consumption method.

A business operating at one level of the supply chain across multiple locations. Example: a company operating dispensaries only, sourcing from various cultivators. More common in mature markets.

The industry standard for cannabis potency testing. Unlike GC, it doesn't heat the sample, so it can separately report acidic (THCa) and neutral (THC) cannabinoids.

A two-way humidity control packet placed in cannabis storage containers. Maintains optimal relative humidity (58-62%) to prevent over-drying or mold growth.

Earthy, woody, spicy terpene also found in hops. Unique among terpenes for its appetite-suppressing properties. Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial in preclinical research.

A strain created by crossing indica and sativa genetics. The vast majority of modern commercial strains are hybrids.

Concentrates produced using hydrocarbon solvents (butane, propane, or blends). Preserves terpenes well. Includes live resin, sauce, diamonds, and badder. Requires closed-loop extraction systems.

Adding hydrogen atoms to a molecule. HHC (hexahydrocannabinol) is produced by hydrogenating THC. Increases chemical stability and shelf life of the resulting compound.

Growing cannabis without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions. Includes DWC, ebb-and-flow, NFT, and aeroponics. Faster growth and higher yields but requires precise nutrient management.

A strain stabilized through multiple generations of inbreeding (selfing or sibling crosses). IBLs produce consistent, predictable offspring. Most commercially sold seeds are from IBL parents.

Wedding Cake × Gelato #33. Creamy vanilla, sweet dough. 23-26% THC. Heavy, sedating. The fusion of Cookies dynasty genetics. Bred by Seed Junky Genetics.

The unregulated, illegal cannabis market that operates alongside the legal market. Estimated at 50%+ of total US cannabis sales. Driven by lower prices (no taxes/testing) and limited legal access.

Cannabis classification describing short, bushy plants from Central Asia. The indica/sativa distinction is widely used but botanically oversimplified — chemical profile is a better predictor of effects.

A ventilation fan mounted inside ducting to move air through a grow space. Provides fresh air intake and exhausts hot, humid, odorous air through a carbon filter. Sized by CFM (cubic feet per minute).

The transport and sale of goods across state lines. Currently illegal for cannabis under federal law. Some states have passed pilot programs in anticipation of eventual federal reform.

A sustainable pest control strategy combining prevention, biological controls, cultural practices, and targeted interventions. Emphasizes predatory insects and environmental management over pesticides.

A purified single cannabinoid at 99%+ purity. No other cannabinoids, terpenes, or THC. Safest for drug testing. Odorless and tasteless in crystalline form.

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements. Delta-8, Delta-9, and Delta-10 THC are isomers — same atoms arranged differently, producing different effects.

Converting one isomer to another. Commercial Delta-8 THC is typically produced by acid-catalyzed isomerization of CBD. The chemical process rearranges CBD's molecular structure.

The fundamental 5-carbon building block of all terpenes. Terpene classification is based on the number of isoprene units: monoterpenes (2), sesquiterpenes (3), diterpenes (4), and so on.

Haze × Northern Lights × Skunk #1. Named after the cannabis activist/author. Piney, spicy, cerebral. 18-23% THC. Created by Sensi Seeds in the Netherlands.

Ground cannabis rolled in thin paper (rice, hemp, or wood pulp) with a filter tip. The most classic consumption method. Standard joint: 0.25-0.75g.

Loose trichome heads separated from plant material. Collects in grinder bottom chambers. Can be sprinkled on flower, pressed into hash, or used for rosin. Potency: 40-60% THC.

A cannabis strain native to a specific geographic region, having evolved naturally over centuries. Examples: Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), Durban Poison (South Africa), Thai Stick (Thailand).

Energy-efficient lights for indoor cultivation. Modern LEDs produce 2.5-3+ µmol/J, double the efficiency of HPS. Full spectrum, less heat, longer lifespan. Examples: HLG, Spider Farmer, Gavita.

A state-imposed limit on the number of cannabis licenses issued. Some states cap licenses to control supply; others have unlimited licensing. Caps create artificial scarcity and higher license values.

Damage caused by excessive light intensity, distinct from heat stress. Symptoms: bleached white tops, yellowing at canopy level. Reduce light intensity or increase distance.

Citrus-scented terpene associated with elevated mood and stress relief. The second most common terpene in cannabis. Also found in citrus peels. May have anti-anxiety and anti-inflammatory properties.

Floral, lavender-scented terpene associated with calming and sedating effects. Anti-anxiety and analgesic properties in preclinical studies. Also the dominant terpene in lavender.

Fat-soluble. THC is highly lipophilic, meaning it dissolves in fat and accumulates in fatty tissues. This is why THC persists in the body long after use and why it's best extracted into oils and butter.

Hydrocarbon extract from fresh-frozen cannabis (not dried/cured). Freezing preserves volatile terpenes, producing exceptional flavor and aroma that dried-flower extracts cannot match.

Solventless extract made by pressing bubble hash from fresh-frozen cannabis. Considered the pinnacle of concentrate quality — no solvents touch the product. Highest terpene retention.

A cultivation approach using biologically active soil with a diverse microbiome. Nutrients are provided by microorganisms breaking down organic matter. No synthetic fertilizers. Produces terpene-rich flower.

Removing lower branches and growth that receives insufficient light. Redirects energy to the top canopy buds. Named because plants resemble lollipops after pruning.

Slang for extremely potent, pungent cannabis that you can smell through the bag. Opposite of "reggie" (low quality). "That's loud" = that's high quality.

Bending and tying down branches to create an even canopy without cutting the plant. Maximizes light exposure to all bud sites. Less stressful than topping or FIMming.

Alien Cookies × Starfighter × Columbian. Creamy, citrus, floral. 20-23% THC. Cut-only clone (not available from seed). Bred by Capulator.

The enzyme that degrades 2-AG. Inhibiting MAGL increases 2-AG levels, potentially reducing pain and inflammation. A target for pharmaceutical research.

An FDA-approved synthetic THC capsule prescribed for chemotherapy-induced nausea and AIDS-related appetite loss. Not plant-derived. Available since 1985.

An analytical technique that measures the mass of molecules. Used in cannabis testing to identify and quantify terpenes, residual solvents, and pesticides at parts-per-million levels.

A state-issued ID allowing patients to purchase cannabis from medical dispensaries. Requirements vary but typically include a qualifying condition and physician recommendation.

The most widely used seed-to-sale tracking system, mandated in 15+ states. Assigns RFID tags to every plant and package. Enables regulators to track cannabis from seed to final sale.

Consuming very small amounts of cannabis (1-5mg THC) for subtle therapeutic effects without impairment.

Clementine × Purple Punch. Bright citrus, tropical fruit. 19-27% THC. Energetic, uplifting morning strain. Named for the breakfast cocktail. Bred by Symbiotic Genetics.

Any cannabinoid other than THC and CBD that appears in lower concentrations. Includes CBG, CBN, CBC, THCV, CBDV, and others. Increasingly used in targeted wellness formulations.

The percentage of water in cannabis flower by weight. Optimal: 8-13%. Too wet: mold risk. Too dry: trichomes shatter, terpenes evaporate, flower becomes harsh.

Terpenes made of two isoprene units (10 carbons). The most volatile and aromatic terpenes. Includes myrcene, limonene, pinene, and linalool. Evaporate readily, which is why proper storage matters.

Cannabis flower buds dipped in concentrate oil, then rolled in kief. Extremely potent (50%+ THC). Difficult to grind; best broken up by hand. Not for beginners.

A female cannabis plant kept in permanent vegetative growth as a source for clones. Elite mother plants of famous strains can be maintained for years, producing thousands of clones.

A cannabis company operating in multiple states. Major MSOs include Curaleaf, Trulieve, and Green Thumb Industries. Dominant players in the US market despite inability to operate across state lines.

Increased appetite from THC stimulating CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus and enhancing smell/taste. Medically useful for patients with wasting conditions.

Toxic compounds produced by mold. Cannabis testing screens for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, which can be carcinogenic. Products failing mycotoxin testing cannot be sold.

The most common terpene in cannabis. Earthy, musky, herbal aroma. Associated with sedating, relaxing effects. Also found in hops, mangoes, and lemongrass. Strains high in myrcene tend to produce "couch-lock."

Cannabis delivered through the nasal mucosa. Rapid onset (5-15 minutes) with precise dosing. Bypasses first-pass metabolism. Emerging delivery method with increasing product availability.

A natural pesticide derived from neem tree seeds. Effective against spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Safe for cannabis in vegetative stage but should not be applied to flowers due to taste and health concerns.

A secondary sesquiterpene with a woody, bark-like aroma. Found in jasmine, ginger, and tea tree. Studied for skin permeation enhancement, making it useful for transdermal cannabis products.

Pain caused by nerve damage rather than tissue injury. Burning, tingling, or shooting pain. Cannabis has shown efficacy for neuropathic pain in clinical trials, often when conventional treatments fail.

Properties that protect neurons from damage. CBD and THC have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, potentially relevant to traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases.

The primary macronutrient for vegetative growth, leaf development, and chlorophyll production. Deficiency: yellowing lower leaves. Excess: dark green leaves, delayed flowering. Part of N-P-K ratio.

The point on a stem where branches, leaves, and flowers emerge. The distance between nodes (internode spacing) is affected by light intensity and genetics — closer nodes are preferred.

One of the most famous indicas ever created. Afghani genetics. Sweet, earthy. 16-21% THC. Bred in the Pacific Northwest in the 1980s. Award-winning lineage.

Concentrate produced from quality whole flower buds rather than trim or shake. Considered superior in potency and flavor. Commands higher prices than trim-run concentrates.

A condition where nutrients are present in the growing medium but unavailable to the plant due to incorrect pH, excess salts, or antagonistic nutrient ratios. Appears as deficiency despite adequate feeding.

Sweet, herbal, woody terpene found in mint, parsley, orchids, and some cannabis strains. Associated with energetic effects. Has demonstrated antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties in studies.

The defining strain of West Coast cannabis. Fuel-forward, piney, lemony. Genetics appear in 30-40% of modern strains. Origin debated. 23-27% THC.

A polyketide that combines with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to form cannabigerolic acid (CBGa). The starting material for all cannabinoid biosynthesis in the cannabis plant.

A small, narrow pipe designed for a single inhalation. Often disguised as a cigarette. Used for microdosing or discreet consumption. Holds approximately 0.025-0.05g.

Chemical reaction with oxygen. THC oxidizes to CBN over time when exposed to air and light. Terpenes also oxidize, degrading aroma. Proper storage (airtight, dark) prevents oxidation.

Companies specializing in compliant cannabis packaging — child-resistant, opaque, properly labeled. A significant ancillary business. Compliance requirements create steady demand.

State-mandated rules for cannabis product packaging. Typically includes child-resistant containers, opaque packaging, THC warning symbols, potency labeling, and no appeal to minors.

The use of cannabis for chronic pain — the most evidence-supported medical application. May reduce opioid use. Works through CB1 activation, anti-inflammatory effects, and central sensitization modulation.

Medical care focused on quality of life for serious illness. Cannabis is increasingly used in palliative settings for pain, nausea, appetite stimulation, anxiety, and sleep — reducing polypharmacy.

An internal filtration device in a water pipe that creates additional bubbles for smoother hits. Types: tree, honeycomb, showerhead, turbine, matrix. More percolation = smoother but less flavor.

The right to grow cannabis at home for personal use. Allowed in most recreational states (typically 6-12 plants per household). Prohibited in some states like Washington and New Jersey.

Analysis for banned or restricted pesticides in cannabis products. Most states test for 60-100+ pesticide compounds. Any detection above allowable limits results in product quarantine.

A measure of acidity/alkalinity that determines nutrient availability. Optimal cannabis pH: 6.0-7.0 in soil, 5.5-6.5 in hydro. Incorrect pH causes nutrient lockout regardless of feeding.

An electronic device measuring the pH of water and nutrient solutions. Essential for cannabis growing — pH must be maintained at 6.0-7.0 (soil) or 5.5-6.5 (hydro) to prevent nutrient lockout.

How the body processes a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Cannabis pharmacokinetics vary dramatically by consumption method — smoking peaks in minutes; edibles in 1-2 hours.

A cultivator who grows many seeds of a cross to find exceptional individual phenotypes. The selected "keeper" phenotype is then preserved as a clone. How most elite commercial strains are discovered.

The observable expression of a plant's genetics in a specific environment. Seeds from the same strain can produce different phenotypes. "Pheno hunting" selects the best expression.

Extract produced using propane, which operates at higher pressures and lower temperatures than butane. Tends to produce saucier, more terpene-rich concentrates. Often blended with butane.

Essential macronutrient for root development, flowering, and energy transfer. Demand increases significantly during flowering. Deficiency: purple stems, dark leaves. Part of N-P-K ratio.

The daily cycle of light and dark that triggers flowering in non-autoflower cannabis. Vegetative growth requires 18+ hours of light; flowering requires 12 hours of uninterrupted darkness.

Any cannabinoid produced naturally by the cannabis plant, as opposed to endocannabinoids (produced by the body) or synthetic cannabinoids (made in a lab). Over 100 phytocannabinoids have been identified.

A diterpene alcohol produced from chlorophyll degradation during drying and curing. Has sedative and anti-anxiety properties. Also acts as a precursor for vitamin E and vitamin K synthesis.

Trainwreck × Hawaiian. Made famous by the 2008 movie. Tropical, pineapple aroma. 18-24% THC. Energetic, creative effects. Real strain predates the film.

Pine-scented terpene that may counteract some of THC's memory impairment through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Bronchodilator properties. Found in pine needles, rosemary, and basil.

A handheld device for smoking cannabis flower. Consists of a bowl, carburetor hole, and mouthpiece. Made from glass, metal, wood, or stone. The simplest smoking method.

The hair-like structures protruding from calyxes. White during early flowering, darkening to orange/red as they mature. Their purpose is to catch pollen. Not a reliable harvest indicator.

A proprietary vaporizer system using brand-specific cartridge pods. Examples: PAX Era, Stiiizy. Generally more consistent than 510 carts but locks users into one brand's ecosystem.

The male reproductive structure that releases pollen. Appears as small, round clusters on male plants or stressed females. A single pollen sac can pollinate an entire grow room.

A cross involving three or more different genetic lineages. Most modern cannabis strains are polyhybrids. Produces highly variable offspring and makes genetic prediction difficult.

Small, round buds from lower branches that received less light. Same potency as larger buds but less visually appealing. Sold at a discount. Popular for value-conscious consumers.

Macronutrient critical for water regulation, enzyme activation, and flower development. Deficiency: brown leaf edges, weak stems. Important throughout the plant's life but especially in flower.

Mandatory lab analysis determining the cannabinoid content of cannabis products. Reports THC, CBD, and sometimes minor cannabinoids as percentages. Required before products can be sold legally.

A fungal infection appearing as white powdery patches on leaves. Thrives in moderate temperatures with high humidity and poor airflow. Systemic — even treated plants may carry it internally.

Usable light reaching the canopy, measured in µmol/m²/s. Optimal: seedling 200-400, vegetative 400-600, flowering 600-900 PPFD.

An alternative measurement to EC for dissolved nutrient concentration. Common scales: 500 ppm per EC 1.0 (US) or 700 ppm per EC 1.0 (EU). Seedlings: 400-500 ppm; flower: 900-1400 ppm.

A pre-made joint sold by dispensaries. Infused pre-rolls coated with concentrate and kief are the fastest-growing segment in legal cannabis retail.

The industry-wide trend of falling wholesale cannabis prices as supply increases and markets mature. Oregon, Colorado, and California have all experienced 50-80% wholesale price declines.

A licensed facility that transforms raw cannabis into finished products — extracts, edibles, topicals, vapes. Requires separate licensing from cultivation and retail in most states.

California's 1996 Compassionate Use Act, the first state medical cannabis law. Passed by voter ballot initiative. Launched the medical marijuana movement that led to today's legal market.

PTSD is a qualifying condition in most medical cannabis states. THC may help by disrupting fear memory consolidation. CBD reduces anxiety and improves sleep. Clinical trials are ongoing.

The social etiquette rule for sharing cannabis in a group: take two hits, then pass to the next person. Ensures fair distribution and steady rotation.

The process of removing residual solvents from a concentrate using vacuum ovens, heat, and agitation. Proper purging is critical for product safety. Different purge methods produce different textures.

Larry OG × Granddaddy Purple. Sweet grape Kool-Aid flavor. 20-25% THC. Brought purple genetics into the modern dessert-strain era. Bred by Supernova Gardens.

A medical condition that makes a patient eligible for a medical marijuana card. Common conditions: chronic pain, PTSD, cancer, epilepsy, MS, Crohn's. Varies significantly by state.

One-quarter of an ounce (7 grams). A common purchase size for regular consumers. Typically $50-100 in legal markets.

Low-quality cannabis with seeds, stems, brown color, and minimal potency. Compressed into bricks for smuggling. Largely disappeared from legal markets but persists in illicit trade.

The process of moving cannabis from Schedule I to a less restrictive schedule. Schedule III rescheduling would remove 280E tax penalties and open research pathways without full legalization.

Trace amounts of extraction solvent remaining in a finished concentrate. Regulated by state testing requirements. Maximum allowable levels vary but typically must be below 500 ppm for butane.

Lab analysis measuring trace solvents remaining in concentrates after purging. Tests for butane, propane, ethanol, and other solvents. Results must fall below state-mandated safety limits.

The unique communication method of the ECS. Unlike most neurotransmitters that signal forward, endocannabinoids are released by post-synaptic neurons and travel backward to modulate pre-synaptic neurotransmitter release.

A device that mechanically rolls joints. Vinyl rollers compress flower into paper. Available in manual hand-held and commercial electric versions for dispensary pre-roll production.

Thin sheets for hand-rolling joints. Materials: rice, hemp, wood pulp, or cellulose (clear). Size: 1¼" (standard), King Size, King Slim. Brand examples: RAW, Elements, OCB.

When roots fill the entire container and begin circling, restricting nutrient uptake and growth. Symptoms include slow growth, drooping, and nutrient deficiencies. Solution: transplant to a larger container.

Solventless extract made by applying heat and pressure to cannabis flower or hash. No chemicals involved. Can be made at home with a hair straightener or commercial rosin press.

A hydraulic or pneumatic press with heated plates for extracting rosin from flower or hash. Temperatures: 170-220°F. Pressures: 300-1500 PSI. Produces solventless concentrate at home or commercially.

Full-spectrum ethanol extract with all cannabinoids and plant compounds. Fully decarboxylated. Consumed orally or topically. Dark, thick, tar-like consistency.

A subspecies of cannabis native to Central Asia and Russia. Small, low-THC, and autoflowering. Its genetics are crossed with indica/sativa to create autoflowering varieties.

Zkittlez × Gelato. Intensely sweet, candy-like. 24-29% THC. Cultural phenomenon with dozens of variants (White Runtz, Pink Runtz). Bred by Ray Bama/Cookies.

A bicyclic monoterpene with a spicy, peppery aroma. Found in black pepper, nutmeg, and some cannabis strains. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in preliminary research.

Proposed federal legislation to allow banks and credit unions to serve cannabis businesses without federal prosecution. Would end the cash-only problem plaguing the industry.

Cannabis classification describing tall, narrow-leafed plants from equatorial regions. Commonly associated with "energizing" effects, though this correlation is inconsistent.

A plant-derived mouth spray containing a 1:1 ratio of THC:CBD. Approved in multiple countries for MS-related spasticity. Not approved in the US. Made by GW Pharmaceuticals.

A liquid, terpene-rich concentrate with THCa crystal formations. Made through a process of nucleation where cannabinoids crystallize in a pool of terpenes. Exceptional flavor.

The most restrictive CSA category. Cannabis is Schedule I — "no accepted medical use" and "high abuse potential." Rescheduling to Schedule III is under review as of 2026.

An aggressive defoliation technique removing most fan leaves at specific points in flowering (Day 1 and Day 20-21). Popularized by Joshua Haupt. Increases light to bud sites but highly debated.

A training technique using a horizontal net to spread branches and create a flat canopy. Each bud site receives equal light. Maximizes yield per square foot.

The complete cannabis supply chain from cultivation to consumer purchase. Also refers to mandatory tracking software (Metrc, BioTrack) that monitors each step for regulatory compliance.

State-mandated software systems (Metrc, BioTrack) that track every cannabis plant from seed/clone through harvest, processing, and retail sale. Ensures compliance and prevents diversion.

The initial growth phase from germination to the development of the first true leaves (not cotyledons). Lasts 1-3 weeks. Requires gentle light, high humidity, and warm temperatures.

Slang for a cannabis smoking or consumption session. Often social. "Sesh jar" = communal cannabis container.

Terpenes made of three isoprene units (15 carbons). Less volatile than monoterpenes. Includes caryophyllene, humulene, and nerolidol. More likely to survive drying and curing processes.

Small pieces of flower that break off during handling and accumulate at the bottom of bags or containers. Lower quality than intact buds but often sold at a discount. Good for edibles or pre-rolls.

Translucent, glass-like BHO concentrate that snaps when broken. Produced through extended vacuum purging. Was dominant in the 2010s but displaced by terpene-rich products like live resin.

A refinement process that uses heat and vacuum to separate cannabinoids from other compounds based on their boiling points. Produces 85-99% pure distillate. The standard for making vape oil.

Exhaling cannabis smoke directly into another person's mouth. An intimate sharing method. Also describes a type of pipe with a large carburetor hole.

Colombian × Mexican × Afghan. Created by Sam "The Skunkman." Won the first Cannabis Cup (1988). The foundation of modern hybrid breeding.

Cannabis products marketed for sleep. THC shortens sleep onset; CBN has mild sedative properties. However, chronic THC use may reduce REM sleep quality. Best used short-term or with CBD.

Do-Si-Dos × Purple Punch. Berry, sweet earth, grape. 24-28% THC. Fusion of Cookies and Purple lineages. One of the most sought-after strains of the 2020s. Bred by In House Genetics.

State or local programs providing priority licensing, funding, or support to individuals from communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. Implementation and effectiveness vary widely.

Growing many small plants close together that flower early, creating a uniform canopy of single colas. Maximizes yield per square foot with shorter grow cycles.

Concentrates made without chemical solvents — using only heat, pressure, water, and ice. Includes rosin, bubble hash, and dry sift. Considered the cleanest form of concentrate.

East Coast legend. Pungent diesel fuel aroma with energetic, cerebral high. 22-26% THC. Likely Chemdawg × Super Skunk/NL cross. Defined NYC cannabis culture.

Involuntary muscle tightness and stiffness, common in MS and spinal cord injuries. Cannabis (especially THC:CBD combinations) reduces spasticity. Sativex is approved for MS spasticity in many countries.

Tiny arachnids that feed on plant sap, leaving small yellow dots on leaves and fine webbing. The most common cannabis pest. Reproduce rapidly in hot, dry conditions. Predatory mites are a biological control.

A joint containing a mixture of cannabis and tobacco. More common in Europe than North America. The tobacco provides a nicotine buzz and alters the combustion characteristics.

An airtight container for storing cannabis. Glass (Mason jars) is preferred — it's non-reactive and odor-proof. UV-blocking glass prevents light degradation. Silicone, metal, and ceramic also used.

A person who regularly uses cannabis. Historically pejorative, increasingly reclaimed by the cannabis community. Associated with laid-back culture and cannabis advocacy.

A consumer who seeks out specific, often rare or limited strains rather than purchasing based on potency or price. Driven by flavor preferences, breeder reputation, and exclusivity.

Strawberry Fields × Haze. Sweet strawberry aroma with a cough-inducing expansion. 15-23% THC. Sativa-dominant with uplifting effects. Origin attributed to Kyle Kushman.

Administration under the tongue where cannabinoids absorb through the mucous membrane directly into the bloodstream. Faster onset than swallowed edibles (15-30 min). Used with tinctures, strips, and tablets.

A concentrate with a wet, granular texture resembling brown sugar. Nucleation of THCa crystals in terpene-rich sauce produces this consistency. Good balance of potency and flavor.

Small leaves protruding from cannabis buds, covered in trichomes (appearing "sugary"). Higher in cannabinoids than fan leaves. Can be saved for making concentrates or edibles.

Lemon Skunk × Super Silver Haze. Bright citrus aroma and energetic high. 20-25% THC. Two-time Cannabis Cup winner. Bred by Green House Seeds.

Carbon dioxide at temperature and pressure above its critical point, where it has properties of both a gas and liquid. Used as a clean, tunable solvent for cannabis extraction.

A high-stress training technique where stems are bent until the inner fibers break while the outer skin remains intact. Creates a knuckle that strengthens the stem and redistributes hormones.

Cannabis-infused insertion for rectal or vaginal administration. Bypasses first-pass liver metabolism. Used for localized relief (menstrual cramps, pelvic pain) or when oral consumption is not possible.

Lab-made compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. Unlike plant cannabinoids, many synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists at CB1 and can be dangerous. K2/Spice products have caused hospitalizations and deaths.

A device measuring Total Dissolved Solids or Electrical Conductivity of nutrient solutions. Indicates nutrient concentration. Essential for hydroponic and coco growing where precision feeding is required.

Small spheres (quartz, ruby, or SiC) placed inside a banger. They spin during inhalation, distributing heat and concentrate evenly for more efficient vaporization.

A type of dab nail designed with a vacuum channel that pulls concentrate from a dish into the heated bucket. Provides even vaporization and maximizes terpene flavor.

An innovative banger design that uses a dish, pillar, and cap system to vaporize concentrates at lower temperatures. Provides maximum terpene flavor. Popular among concentrate connoisseurs.

Companies specializing in extracting, isolating, and blending terpenes for the cannabis industry. Provide botanical and cannabis-derived terpenes for product formulation.

The breakdown of terpenes due to heat, light, oxygen, or time. Monoterpenes degrade fastest. Proper storage (cool, dark, airtight) preserves terpene content. This is why fresh cannabis smells stronger than old.

Individual terpenes extracted and purified to high concentrations. Cannabis-derived terpene isolates are reintroduced to distillate or isolate products to recreate strain-specific flavor profiles.

Matching cannabis strains with food, beverages, or activities based on complementary terpene profiles. Similar to wine pairing. Limonene strains with citrus dishes, myrcene strains with chocolate, etc.

The complete composition and ratio of terpenes in a specific cannabis sample. The terpene profile is increasingly recognized as a better predictor of effects than the indica/sativa classification.

Aromatic compounds produced in trichome gland heads alongside cannabinoids. Create distinct flavors and aromas of different strains and may modulate cannabinoid effects. Over 200 terpenes identified in cannabis.

Modified terpenes that have been chemically altered (oxidized, rearranged). Technically, many "terpenes" in cannabis are terpenoids. The distinction matters in analytical chemistry but rarely in consumer discussions.

A relatively rare terpene with a complex piney, floral, herbaceous aroma. Associated with uplifting, energetic effects. Found in Durban Poison, Jack Herer, and some Haze varieties.

Slang describing cannabis or concentrates with an exceptionally strong, complex terpene profile. "That live rosin is super terpy" = it has amazing aroma and flavor.

An accredited laboratory that tests cannabis products for potency, terpenes, pesticides, heavy metals, microbiologicals, and residual solvents. Third-party testing is mandatory in all legal markets.

Cannabis buds tied around a stick or stem with hemp string, sometimes dipped in hash oil. An ancient preparation method from Thailand. Modern versions use bamboo skewers and concentrate coating.

The primary psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis. THC binds to CB1 receptors in the brain, producing euphoria, altered perception, appetite stimulation, and pain relief. Typical flower potency ranges from 15-30% THC.

A synthetic THC derivative created by acetylating THC. Reported to be 2-3x more potent than Delta-9 THC. The DEA has classified it as a controlled substance as it does not occur naturally in the plant.

The non-psychoactive acidic precursor to THC found in raw cannabis. Converts to THC through decarboxylation (heat). THCa is what lab tests primarily measure when reporting flower potency.

The enzyme that converts CBGa into THCa. Its gene expression level determines whether a plant produces high THC. This enzyme is a key target in cannabis genomics research.

Discovered in 2019, THCP has a longer alkyl side chain than THC and binds to CB1 receptors approximately 33x more effectively. May contribute to the exceptional potency of certain strains.

A minor cannabinoid that acts as a CB1 antagonist at low doses (potentially appetite-suppressing) and a partial agonist at higher doses. Found in African landrace strains like Durban Poison.

The dosage range where cannabis produces beneficial effects without significant adverse effects. Varies widely between individuals. The window for pain relief is often broader than for anxiety relief.

Cannabis extract in alcohol or oil base, administered sublingually (under the tongue). Sublingual absorption bypasses liver metabolism, providing 15-30 min onset with precise dosing.

The process of gradually adjusting cannabis dosage to find the minimum effective dose. "Start low, go slow" — begin with 2.5-5mg THC and increase gradually over days to weeks.

A single inhalation of cannabis smoke or vapor. "Take a toke" = take one hit. Derived from the Spanish "tocar" (to touch). One of the oldest cannabis slang terms.

Reduced response to cannabis after repeated use. CB1 receptors downregulate (internalize) with chronic THC exposure. Develops faster for psychoactive effects than for pain relief.

Deliberate abstinence to let CB1 receptors recover. Receptors begin upregulating within 48 hours, substantially recovering in 2-4 weeks.

The highest quality cannabis in a dispensary. Dense, trichome-covered, perfectly cured. Displayed prominently and priced at a premium. Opposite of "bottom shelf" or "value" tier.

Cannabis creams, balms, and lotions applied to skin. Cannabinoids interact with local CB2 receptors without entering bloodstream — no psychoactive effects. Used for localized pain.

Cutting the main growing tip to create two main colas. A high-stress training technique that promotes bushier growth, more even canopy, and higher yields. Done during vegetative stage.

A handheld butane burner used to heat dab nails/bangers. Creme brulee-style torches are popular. Being replaced by e-nails for safety and convenience.

The sum of THC and THCa (after applying the conversion factor: Total THC = THCa × 0.877 + THC). The standard potency metric for cannabis flower, reflecting maximum possible THC after decarboxylation.

Mexican × Thai × Afghani. Named for its fast-hitting, intense onset. Spicy, piney. 18-25% THC. A California classic from Humboldt County.

An adhesive patch that delivers cannabinoids through the skin into the bloodstream over an extended period (8-12 hours). Unlike topicals, transdermal patches produce systemic effects including psychoactivity.

Moving a plant from a smaller container to a larger one. Minimizes transplant shock by matching soil moisture, handling gently, and keeping the root ball intact. Typically done 2-3 times per grow.

Microscopic glandular structures on flowers that produce cannabinoids and terpenes. The "frost" on quality flower. Color changes from clear → milky → amber indicate harvest timing.

Concentrate produced from sugar leaf trimmings rather than whole flower. Lower cost, lower quality than nug run, but still contains significant cannabinoids and terpenes.

A tray with a 150-micron screen used during trimming to collect kief that falls off buds. The screen separates trichomes from plant debris. Collects quality material that would otherwise be lost.

Removing sugar leaves from cannabis buds for aesthetic and smoking quality. Wet trimming is done before drying; dry trimming after. Machine trimming is faster but damages trichomes.

Large terpene molecules (30 carbons). Found in cannabis roots and leaves but not significant in flower aromatics. Friedelin and epifriedelanol have been identified in cannabis root preparations.

A receptor activated by heat, capsaicin, and some cannabinoids (CBD, CBG). Involved in pain perception and inflammation. The same receptor that makes chili peppers feel "hot."

A sesquiterpene with a bright citrus (Valencia orange) aroma. Insect repellent properties. Found in Valencia oranges and certain cannabis strains. Associated with uplifting, energetic effects.

A pre-filled container of cannabis oil that attaches to a battery. Standard 510-thread connection. Contains distillate or live resin. The most popular cannabis product format by revenue.

Heating cannabis flower or concentrates to a temperature that vaporizes cannabinoids without combustion (typically 315-440°F). Fewer harmful byproducts than smoking.

Cannabinoids with a propyl (3-carbon) side chain instead of the typical pentyl (5-carbon) chain. Includes THCV and CBDV. These variants often have different pharmacological profiles than their pentyl counterparts.

The growth phase before flowering where the plant develops its structure, roots, and foliage. Requires 18-24 hours of light per day. Duration: 4-8 weeks indoors.

A business model where one company controls cultivation, processing, and retail. Required in some states (FL, NJ). Debated — advocates say it ensures quality; critics say it limits competition.

The moisture difference between air and its maximum capacity at a given temperature. Controls transpiration. Optimal: seedling 0.4-0.8 kPa, veg 0.8-1.2, flower 1.0-1.5 kPa.

Consuming cannabis first thing in the morning. Cannabis on an empty stomach and after overnight abstinence (mini T-break) can produce stronger effects.

A measure of available moisture in cannabis flower. Optimal: 0.55-0.65 aW. Too high promotes mold; too low degrades terpenes and makes flower harsh. Required in most state testing.

A soft, opaque concentrate with a waxy, butter-like consistency. Created by whipping or agitating BHO during purging. Easy to handle and dose. Potency: 60-90% THC.

Triangle Kush × Animal Mints. Sweet vanilla and frosting flavor. 24-27% THC. Dense, resinous. Bred by Seed Junky Genetics.

Products manufactured by one company but sold under another company's brand name. Common in cannabis — one processor makes vape cartridges for multiple dispensary house brands.

Brazilian Sativa × South Indian Indica. The strain that defined Amsterdam in the 1990s. White with trichomes. 18-25% THC. Bred by Green House Seeds.

The sale of cannabis products from cultivators/processors to dispensaries. Wholesale prices have dropped dramatically as markets mature — from $3,000-4,000/lb to $500-1,500/lb in some states.

A refinement process where crude cannabis extract is dissolved in ethanol and frozen to precipitate unwanted fats, waxes, and lipids. The solution is then filtered and the ethanol evaporated.

Slang for exotic, top-shelf cannabis. Origin disputed but popularized in hip-hop. "Zaza" implies the highest quality available, often with unusual or striking appearance.

Slang for an ounce (28 grams) of cannabis. Derived from the fact that an ounce fits in a Ziploc bag. "I picked up a zip" = purchased an ounce.

Grape Ape × Grapefruit. Fruit candy flavor with relaxing effects. 15-23% THC. Won multiple awards. Parent strain of Runtz.